Vesting refers to an equity model in which founders, employees or consultants vest their shares, options or virtual equity rights acquire gradually over a specified period of time.
The aim is to link shareholdings to actual, long-term involvement in the company. If a shareholder leaves the start-up at an early stage, they are therefore usually not yet entitled to all the shareholding rights originally promised.
Typical elements of a vesting agreement are:
| component | Meaning |
| Vesting period | The period over which the shareholding is to be acquired in full |
| Cliff | The minimum length of time a person must remain with the company before they are first entitled to certain rights |
| Vesting period | Period during which further shares are released, for example on a monthly or quarterly basis |
| Leaver scheme | Sets out what happens when an employee leaves the company |
| Acceleration | Accelerated vesting of share options upon the occurrence of certain events |
A typical vesting model, for example, runs for four years and includes a 12-month cliff:
| Date and time | Acquired share |
| Before the end of 12 months | 0 % |
| At the end of the 12-month cliff period | 25 % |
| After 24 months | 50 % |
| After 36 months | 75 % |
| After 48 months | 100 % |
If a participant leaves the start-up before the cliff period ends, they will not receive any share rights in this example. After the cliff period, the remaining shares are usually released on a monthly or quarterly basis.
Broadly speaking, two typical forms can be distinguished:
- Vesting in employee share schemes: Options or virtual share rights are acquired in stages.
- Reverse vesting for founders: The shares have already been transferred, but may be partially repurchased or cancelled in the event of early departure.
Reverse vesting is intended to prevent founders from leaving the company after only a short time whilst still retaining a large shareholding. This could result in a so-called Dead Equity arise: shares in the company are held by individuals who no longer play an active role in building up the start-up.
Vesting offers start-ups a number of benefits:
- retaining key team members in the long term
- a fairer distribution of company shares
- Protection against early departure
- a stronger link between performance and participation
- greater motivation through a share in the company’s success
- more attractive incentives despite limited financial resources
- A clearer ownership structure for future investors
In the case of vesting agreements, the following questions in particular should be clarified:
- How long is the vesting period?
- Is there a cliff?
- What level of performance or contribution is expected?
- How often are subscription rights released?
- What happens in the event of dismissal, illness or voluntary resignation?
- Can shares that have already been purchased be bought back?
- At what price would a potential buyback take place?
- What happens when a business is sold?
- Do different rules apply to different parties involved?
Of particular importance are the so-called ‘Good Leaver’ and ‘Bad Leaver’ rules:
| Regulation | Typical meaning |
| Good Leaver | A person leaves the organisation for understandable reasons or for reasons beyond their control. Rights already acquired often remain in force, either in full or in part. |
| Bad Leaver | A person may be excluded under problematic circumstances as defined in the contract. Participation rights may be subject to greater restrictions. |
Vesting acceleration may also be agreed. Under this arrangement, share rights are released more quickly or in full upon the occurrence of certain events, such as a sale of the company or if a participant is made redundant following a takeover.
A common mistake is to agree vesting arrangements only in general terms. Unclear terms can later lead to disputes over shareholdings, buy-back prices or the departure of individual founders.
Legal and tax implications should also be taken into account. Depending on whether actual company shares, options or virtual equity rights are granted, different consequences may arise. The specific arrangements should therefore be reviewed by legal and tax professionals.
innoWerft helps founders to better understand equity models and typical vesting arrangements, to structure roles and long-term expectations within the founding team, and to assess the implications for the cap table and future funding rounds.